Cannabis Terminology Guide

The primary active metabolite produced when THC is metabolized by the liver after oral ingestion. 11-hydroxy-THC is 2–3× more potent than delta-9-THC and crosses the blood-brain barrier more readily, explaining why edibles produce stronger, longer-lasting effects than inhaled cannabis.

The most abundant endocannabinoid in the brain. 2-AG is a full agonist at both CB1 and CB2 receptors and plays a key role in retrograde synaptic signaling, regulating neurotransmitter release, pain, and immune function. Metabolized by MAGL (monoacylglycerol lipase).

An endogenous cannabinoid (endocannabinoid) named from the Sanskrit word "ananda" (bliss). Anandamide is a partial agonist at CB1 receptors and plays roles in pain modulation, mood, appetite, and memory. It is broken down by the enzyme FAAH. CBD inhibits FAAH, increasing anandamide levels.

A substance that reduces anxiety. CBD has demonstrated anxiolytic properties in multiple human studies, acting primarily via 5-HT1A serotonin receptors. Low-dose THC may also reduce anxiety, while high-dose THC can paradoxically increase anxiety and paranoia.

Programmed cell death — a natural process by which the body eliminates damaged or unnecessary cells. Cannabinoids have been shown to induce apoptosis in various cancer cell lines in vitro. However, these findings have not been replicated in human clinical trials, and cannabis should not be considered a cancer treatment.

marijuana extracts containing multiple cannabinoids and terpenes but with THC removed. Broad-spectrum products offer some entourage effect benefits without psychoactive effects.

The proportion of a substance that enters circulation and produces active effects. Different consumption methods have varying bioavailability: inhalation (10-35%), sublingual (6-20%), oral (4-12%).

A dose-response pattern where a substance produces opposite effects at low vs. high doses. Cannabis exhibits a biphasic effect for anxiety: low doses of THC may reduce anxiety while high doses increase it. CBD also shows biphasic properties in some studies. This underscores the importance of "start low, go slow" dosing.

A selective semipermeable membrane formed by endothelial cells lining brain capillaries that restricts passage of substances from the bloodstream into the brain. THC is highly lipophilic and crosses the BBB readily. 11-hydroxy-THC crosses even more efficiently. CBD also crosses the BBB, enabling its central nervous system effects.

Chemical compounds found in marijuana that interact with the body's endocannabinoid system. The two most well-known cannabinoids are THC (tetrahydrocannabinol) and CBD (cannabidiol). Over 100 different cannabinoids have been identified in marijuana.

A non-psychoactive cannabinoid with therapeutic properties including anti-inflammatory, anxiolytic, and neuroprotective effects. CBD does not produce intoxication and can modulate THC's effects.

Cannabinoid receptor primarily found in the brain and central nervous system. CB1 receptors mediate the psychoactive effects of THC and play roles in memory, mood, pain perception, and motor control.

Cannabinoid receptor primarily found in the immune system and peripheral tissues. CB2 receptors are involved in inflammation, immune response, and pain modulation without producing psychoactive effects.

marijuana extracts with high cannabinoid content (50-90%+ THC or CBD). Common types include shatter, wax, oil, and rosin. Concentrates offer potent effects but require careful dosing.

Laboratory test results showing cannabinoid potency, terpene profile, and contaminant screening (pesticides, heavy metals, microbials). Reputable marijuana products should provide third-party COAs.

Botanical term for a cultivated variety of plant. In marijuana, "cultivar" is the scientifically accurate term for what is commonly called a "strain."

Spicy, peppery terpene that uniquely binds to CB2 receptors, acting as a dietary cannabinoid. Caryophyllene has anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties without psychoactive effects.

A DSM-5 diagnosis characterized by problematic cannabis use causing clinically significant impairment or distress. Affects approximately 9% of lifetime cannabis users, rising to ~17% of those who begin in adolescence and ~25–50% of daily users. Symptoms include tolerance, withdrawal, unsuccessful attempts to cut down, and continued use despite negative consequences.

A condition of cyclic nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain occurring in chronic, heavy cannabis users. Paradoxically, cannabis is typically antiemetic, making CHS counterintuitive. A hallmark symptom is compulsive hot bathing, which temporarily relieves nausea. CHS resolves with cannabis cessation. Estimated prevalence: 2–3% of chronic users.

A laboratory document from an accredited third-party testing facility confirming the cannabinoid potency, terpene profile, and safety screening (pesticides, heavy metals, residual solvents, microbial contaminants) of a cannabis product. Reputable brands make COAs publicly available via QR code or website.

A hypothesis proposed by Ethan Russo (2004) suggesting that deficient endocannabinoid signaling may underlie conditions such as migraine, fibromyalgia, and irritable bowel syndrome. CECD is a theoretical framework, not a confirmed clinical diagnosis. Supporting evidence is indirect and largely observational.

The US federal law (1970) that classifies drugs into five schedules based on medical use and abuse potential. Cannabis is currently classified as Schedule I — defined as having no accepted medical use and high abuse potential — despite FDA approval of CBD-based Epidiolex and state-level medical programs. Rescheduling to Schedule III was proposed by the DEA in 2024.

A family of liver enzymes (cytochrome P450) responsible for metabolizing the majority of pharmaceutical drugs. CBD is a potent inhibitor of CYP2C9, CYP2C19, and CYP3A4, which can increase plasma levels of co-administered drugs (e.g., warfarin, clobazam, tacrolimus). This is the primary mechanism behind most clinically significant cannabis–drug interactions.

The heating process that converts inactive cannabinoid acids (THCA, CBDA) into active forms (THC, CBD). This occurs naturally when smoking or vaping, but must be done intentionally when making edibles.

Licensed retail location selling marijuana products. Medical dispensaries require patient certification; recreational (adult-use) dispensaries are open to adults 21+ in legal jurisdictions.

A method of consuming cannabis concentrates (wax, shatter, rosin) by vaporizing them on a heated surface ("nail" or "banger") and inhaling the vapor. Dabbing delivers very high doses of THC rapidly and is associated with greater tolerance development, withdrawal symptoms, and adverse psychiatric effects compared to flower consumption.

A minor cannabinoid isomer of delta-9-THC with similar but reportedly milder psychoactive effects. Delta-8-THC is typically synthesized from hemp-derived CBD via chemical isomerization, not extracted directly from cannabis. The DEA considers synthetically derived delta-8-THC a Schedule I controlled substance. Products are largely unregulated and have been associated with adverse events.

The primary psychoactive cannabinoid in cannabis. Delta-9-THC is a partial agonist at CB1 and CB2 receptors. It is responsible for the characteristic cannabis "high" and has therapeutic applications for pain, nausea, appetite stimulation, and muscle spasticity. Federally illegal in the US (Schedule I) but legal under state programs.

A synthetic form of delta-9-THC (brand name Marinol) approved by the FDA for chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting (CINV) and AIDS-related anorexia. Dronabinol is a Schedule III controlled substance. Unlike whole-plant cannabis, it contains only THC without other cannabinoids or terpenes.

A complex cell-signaling system in the human body that regulates various physiological processes including mood, pain sensation, appetite, and immune function. The ECS consists of endocannabinoids, receptors (CB1 and CB2), and enzymes.

The synergistic interaction between cannabinoids, terpenes, and other marijuana compounds that produces enhanced therapeutic effects compared to isolated compounds. This suggests whole-plant medicine may be more effective than single-molecule treatments.

marijuana-infused food or beverage products. Edibles have delayed onset (30-120 minutes), longer duration (4-8 hours), and produce stronger body effects due to liver metabolism converting THC to 11-hydroxy-THC.

Endogenous (internally produced) lipid-based neurotransmitters that bind to cannabinoid receptors. The two primary endocannabinoids are anandamide (AEA) and 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG). They are synthesized on demand and act as retrograde messengers, modulating synaptic transmission.

The first FDA-approved plant-derived cannabinoid medication (2018). Epidiolex is a purified CBD oral solution approved for seizures associated with Dravet syndrome, Lennox-Gastaut syndrome, and tuberous sclerosis complex. It is a Schedule V controlled substance. Epidiolex is pharmaceutical-grade and not equivalent to OTC CBD products.

marijuana extracts containing the complete range of cannabinoids, terpenes, and other compounds found in the plant. Full-spectrum products preserve the entourage effect and may provide enhanced therapeutic benefits.

The metabolic process where orally consumed substances are broken down by the liver before entering systemic circulation, reducing bioavailability. This is why edibles require higher doses than inhalation.

The primary enzyme responsible for breaking down anandamide in the body. FAAH inhibition increases anandamide levels, producing anxiolytic and analgesic effects. CBD inhibits FAAH, which is one mechanism by which it elevates endocannabinoid tone. FAAH inhibitors are being investigated as novel therapeutics.

The Agriculture Improvement Act of 2018, which federally legalized hemp (Cannabis sativa containing <0.3% delta-9-THC by dry weight) and hemp-derived products including CBD. The Farm Bill removed hemp from the Controlled Substances Act Schedule I classification. It does not legalize cannabis with >0.3% THC.

A class of polyphenolic compounds found in cannabis alongside cannabinoids and terpenes. Cannabis-specific flavonoids (cannflavins A and B) have demonstrated anti-inflammatory activity in preclinical studies — reportedly 30× more potent than aspirin in vitro. Flavonoids may contribute to the entourage effect, though human evidence is limited.

The harvested, dried, and cured reproductive structure of the female cannabis plant. Cannabis flower contains the highest concentration of cannabinoids and terpenes, primarily in the trichomes (resin glands). Also called "bud" or "nug." THC content in legal market flower typically ranges from 15–30%.

The primary inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system. Cannabis modulates GABAergic signaling: THC can enhance GABA release in some brain regions, contributing to anxiolytic and sedative effects. CBD also interacts with GABA-A receptors, which may contribute to its anticonvulsant properties.

The complete genetic makeup of a cannabis plant. Genotype determines the potential cannabinoid and terpene profile, growth characteristics, and disease resistance. However, environmental factors (light, temperature, nutrients) influence how the genotype is expressed (phenotype). Genetic testing is increasingly used to authenticate cannabis cultivars.

marijuana strains bred from both indica and sativa genetics, combining characteristics of both subspecies. Most modern marijuana strains are hybrids with varying ratios of indica to sativa genetics.

marijuana sativa plants containing less than 0.3% THC by dry weight. Hemp is federally legal in the US and used for CBD products, fiber, seeds, and industrial applications.

The time required for the concentration of a substance in the body to reduce by half. THC has a complex, multi-phase half-life: the initial distribution half-life is approximately 4 minutes, the secondary half-life is 30–60 minutes, and the terminal elimination half-life in chronic users can be 3–13 days due to accumulation in adipose tissue.

Cannabis sativa plants legally defined as containing ≤0.3% delta-9-THC by dry weight under the 2018 US Farm Bill. Hemp is grown for CBD production, fiber (textiles, rope), seeds (nutrition), and industrial applications. Hemp-derived CBD is federally legal; hemp-derived delta-8-THC and delta-10-THC occupy a legal gray area.

The physiological process by which the body maintains stable internal conditions (temperature, pH, blood sugar, etc.). The endocannabinoid system is a key regulator of homeostasis, modulating pain, mood, appetite, immune function, and sleep. Cannabis compounds interact with this system, which explains their wide-ranging physiological effects.

A marijuana subspecies traditionally associated with relaxing, sedating effects. Indica plants are typically shorter with broader leaves. However, modern research suggests effects are more dependent on cannabinoid and terpene profiles than subspecies classification.

Pure cannabinoid extract containing 99%+ of a single compound (typically CBD). Isolates lack the entourage effect but offer precise dosing and no risk of THC content.

A cannabis subspecies traditionally associated with relaxing, sedating effects and shorter, bushier plant morphology. Modern genomic research (McPartland et al., 2018) suggests the indica/sativa distinction is botanically imprecise and does not reliably predict effects. Effects are better predicted by cannabinoid and terpene profiles than subspecies classification.

The fluid pressure inside the eye. Elevated IOP is a primary risk factor for glaucoma-related optic nerve damage. THC has been shown to reduce IOP by 25–30% for 3–4 hours in clinical studies. However, the American Academy of Ophthalmology does not recommend cannabis for glaucoma due to short duration of effect and systemic side effects.

Citrus-scented terpene with uplifting, mood-enhancing effects. Limonene has anti-anxiety, antidepressant, and anti-inflammatory properties.

Fat-soluble; having an affinity for lipids (fats). THC is highly lipophilic, which allows it to cross the blood-brain barrier readily and accumulate in adipose (fat) tissue. This lipophilicity is why THC can be detected in urine for weeks after use in chronic consumers — it slowly releases from fat stores.

A floral, lavender-scented terpene found in cannabis and many other plants. Linalool has demonstrated anxiolytic and sedative properties in animal models. It is also found in lavender, which has been studied for aromatherapy anxiety reduction. Human clinical evidence for linalool-specific effects in cannabis is limited.

Consuming very small amounts of marijuana (typically 1-2.5mg THC or 2.5-15mg CBD) to achieve therapeutic benefits with minimal psychoactive effects. Microdosing may enhance the endocannabinoid system without building tolerance.

marijuana plants containing more than 0.3% THC. The term "marijuana" has historical stigma; many prefer "marijuana." Legal status varies by jurisdiction.

marijuana used for therapeutic purposes under medical supervision. Medical marijuana programs require physician certification and registration. Conditions commonly treated include chronic pain, PTSD, epilepsy, and cancer symptoms.

The most common terpene in marijuana, with earthy, musky aroma. Myrcene has sedating, muscle-relaxing effects and may enhance THC absorption across the blood-brain barrier.

The primary enzyme responsible for degrading 2-AG (the most abundant endocannabinoid). MAGL inhibition increases 2-AG levels and has been investigated as a therapeutic target for pain, inflammation, and neurodegenerative diseases. Some cannabis compounds may modulate MAGL activity.

A synthetic cannabinoid (brand name Cesamet) structurally similar to THC, approved by the FDA for chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting. Nabilone is also used off-label for PTSD-related nightmares, fibromyalgia, and chronic pain. It is a Schedule II controlled substance.

A cannabis-derived oromucosal spray containing a 1:1 ratio of THC and CBD, approved in over 30 countries (not the US) for multiple sclerosis-related spasticity and neuropathic pain. Nabiximols is the most studied whole-plant cannabinoid medicine in clinical trials. It is delivered sublingually/buccally for consistent dosing.

The preservation of neuronal structure and function against damage or degeneration. Both THC and CBD have demonstrated neuroprotective properties in preclinical models of traumatic brain injury, stroke, Alzheimer's disease, and Parkinson's disease. Human clinical evidence for cannabis neuroprotection remains limited.

Substances that affect mental processes, mood, consciousness, or perception. THC is psychoactive, producing the characteristic marijuana "high." CBD is not psychoactive but is psychotropic (affects mental state without intoxication).

Observable characteristics of a marijuana plant resulting from genetic and environmental factors. Different phenotypes of the same strain can vary in appearance, aroma, and effects.

Pine-scented terpene found in marijuana and conifer trees. Pinene promotes alertness, memory retention, and has bronchodilator and anti-inflammatory effects.

The study of how a drug is absorbed, distributed, metabolized, and excreted by the body (ADME). Cannabis pharmacokinetics vary significantly by route of administration: inhalation produces peak THC plasma levels within minutes; oral ingestion peaks at 1–4 hours with high variability. Individual factors (body fat, metabolism, genetics) further affect pharmacokinetics.

Cannabinoids produced by the cannabis plant (as opposed to endocannabinoids produced by the body or synthetic cannabinoids made in a laboratory). Over 100 phytocannabinoids have been identified, including THC, CBD, CBG, CBN, CBC, THCV, and CBDV. Each has a distinct pharmacological profile.

The concentration of cannabinoids (primarily THC and CBD) in a cannabis product, expressed as a percentage by weight. Average THC potency in US legal market flower has increased from ~4% in the 1990s to 12–15% in the 2010s and 20–30%+ in some current products. Higher potency is associated with greater adverse effect risk.

A mental state characterized by hallucinations, delusions, and disorganized thinking that can be triggered by cannabis use, particularly high-potency THC products. Risk is highest in individuals with personal or family history of psychotic disorders, early-onset use (<16 years), and daily high-potency use. A 2019 Lancet Psychiatry study found daily high-potency cannabis use associated with ~5× increased odds of first-episode psychosis.

A form of synaptic communication where the postsynaptic neuron sends signals backward to the presynaptic neuron. Endocannabinoids (anandamide, 2-AG) are retrograde messengers — they are synthesized in the postsynaptic cell and travel backward to inhibit neurotransmitter release from the presynaptic cell. This "on-demand" signaling is unique to the endocannabinoid system.

A solventless cannabis concentrate produced by applying heat and pressure to cannabis flower or hash, causing resin to exude. Rosin retains the full terpene and cannabinoid profile of the source material without chemical solvents. It is considered a cleaner concentrate option, though potency varies widely (40–80% THC).

A marijuana subspecies traditionally associated with energizing, uplifting effects. Sativa plants are typically taller with narrow leaves. Like indica, effects are better predicted by chemical composition than plant morphology.

A specific variety of marijuana with distinct characteristics including cannabinoid profile, terpene content, effects, and growing traits. Examples include Blue Dream, OG Kush, and Sour Diesel.

Administration method where marijuana tinctures or oils are placed under the tongue for absorption through mucous membranes. Sublingual delivery offers faster onset (15-45 minutes) and higher bioavailability than oral consumption.

DEA drug classification for substances with "no accepted medical use and high potential for abuse." marijuana is federally classified as Schedule I in the US despite state-level legalization and medical research.

A cannabis subspecies traditionally associated with energizing, uplifting effects and taller, narrow-leafed plant morphology. As with indica, the sativa designation is a poor predictor of effects in modern cultivars. The energizing vs. sedating effect distinction is better explained by terpene profiles (e.g., high limonene/pinene vs. high myrcene) than subspecies.

A DEA drug classification for substances with moderate to low potential for dependence and accepted medical use. The DEA proposed rescheduling cannabis from Schedule I to Schedule III in 2024, following an HHS recommendation. Schedule III status would not federalize cannabis or override state laws, but would ease research restrictions and tax burdens on cannabis businesses.

A type of cannabis concentrate with a glass-like, brittle texture produced via butane hash oil (BHO) extraction. Shatter typically contains 70–90% THC. The name refers to its tendency to break or "shatter" when handled. Like other high-potency concentrates, shatter carries elevated risk of adverse effects and tolerance development.

A condition of abnormal muscle stiffness and involuntary spasms, commonly associated with multiple sclerosis (MS) and spinal cord injury. Cannabis-based medicines, particularly nabiximols (Sativex), have the strongest clinical evidence for cannabis use in MS-related spasticity. Multiple RCTs demonstrate significant reduction in patient-reported spasticity scores.

The primary psychoactive cannabinoid in marijuana responsible for the "high" sensation. THC binds to CB1 receptors in the brain and has therapeutic applications for pain, nausea, and appetite stimulation.

Aromatic compounds found in marijuana and other plants that contribute to flavor, aroma, and therapeutic effects. Common terpenes include myrcene (sedating), limonene (uplifting), and pinene (alertness).

Reduced response to a substance after repeated use, requiring higher doses to achieve the same effects. marijuana tolerance develops primarily to THC through CB1 receptor downregulation and can be reversed with abstinence.

The process of gradually adjusting marijuana dosage to find the optimal therapeutic amount with minimal side effects. Medical marijuana protocols typically recommend "start low and go slow" titration.

marijuana products applied to skin for localized relief without systemic effects or intoxication. Topicals are used for pain, inflammation, and skin conditions. They do not enter the bloodstream in significant amounts.

marijuana patches or gels designed to deliver cannabinoids through the skin into systemic circulation. Unlike topicals, transdermal products produce whole-body effects and can cause intoxication.

Liquid marijuana extract typically made with alcohol or glycerin. Tinctures are administered sublingually with a dropper for precise dosing and faster onset than edibles.

The non-psychoactive acidic precursor to THC found in raw, unheated cannabis. THCA does not produce intoxication because it does not readily cross the blood-brain barrier. It converts to THC through decarboxylation (heat). THCA has demonstrated anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective, and antiemetic properties in preclinical studies.

A minor cannabinoid structurally similar to THC but with a propyl rather than pentyl side chain. THCV acts as a CB1 antagonist at low doses (potentially appetite-suppressing) and a partial agonist at high doses. Preclinical research suggests potential for diabetes management, bone growth, and seizure reduction. Human clinical data is limited.

Microscopic, hair-like glandular structures on the surface of cannabis flowers and leaves that produce and store cannabinoids, terpenes, and flavonoids. Trichomes are the primary site of THC and CBD biosynthesis. Trichome density and maturity (clear → cloudy → amber) are used by cultivators to determine optimal harvest time.

An ion channel receptor involved in pain signaling, inflammation, and body temperature regulation. CBD activates and then desensitizes TRPV1, contributing to its analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects. TRPV1 is also involved in CBD's anticonvulsant mechanism. The receptor is also activated by capsaicin (the compound in chili peppers).

Heating marijuana to release cannabinoids and terpenes as vapor without combustion. Vaporization (typically 180-210°C) is considered healthier than smoking as it avoids harmful combustion byproducts.

Inhaling cannabis by heating it to produce vapor rather than smoke. Dry herb vaporizers heat flower to 170–230°C; vape pens heat cannabis oil cartridges. Vaping avoids combustion byproducts (carbon monoxide, tar) but is not risk-free. The 2019 EVALI outbreak (lung injury) was linked to vitamin E acetate in illicit THC vape cartridges, not regulated cannabis products.

A recognized syndrome occurring upon cessation of regular cannabis use, included in DSM-5. Symptoms include irritability, anxiety, sleep disturbances, decreased appetite, restlessness, and depressed mood, typically peaking 2–6 days after cessation and resolving within 1–2 weeks. Cannabis withdrawal is not medically dangerous but can be uncomfortable and contributes to relapse.

A soft, opaque cannabis concentrate with a waxy texture produced via butane or CO2 extraction. Wax typically contains 60–80% THC. Varieties include "budder" (creamy), "crumble" (dry, crumbly), and "honeycomb" (porous). Like other concentrates, wax is associated with rapid tolerance development and higher adverse effect risk.